This fully revised second edition reflects the great expansion in urban ecology research, action and teaching since 2015. Urban ecology provides an understanding of urban ecosystems and uses nature-based techniques to enhance habitats and alleviate poor environmental conditions.

Philip James is Emeritus Professor of Ecology at the University of Salford and Honorary Senior Research Fellow in Geography at the University of Manchester.
Ian Douglas is Emeritus Professor at the University of Manchester, with over 60 years of research experience relating to changes in the hydrologic and geomorphic systems of tropical rain forests, and to the biophysical changes in the urban environment.

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