This volume describes the reconstruction of object surfaces and the analysis of distances between camera and objects. Main topics are static and dynamic stereo analysis, shape from shading, photometric stereo analysis, and structured illumination. The selected procedures, complex algorithms such as Tsai calibration, Frankot-Chellapa depth map generation, or Lee-Rosenfield shape from shading, are detailed. Fundamentals are given for these application oriented approaches with respect to camera modeling and calibration, to geometric surface modeling, and to surface reflectance models. Theoretical and applied exercises accompany each chapter. The text is suitable for graduate courses in computer science.